Template:Cite book/doc

This template is used to cite sources in Wikipedia. It is specifically for books. This template replaces the deprecated book reference. When citing an article in a compilation or anthology, cite journal or cite encyclopedia work better.

Usage
All field names must be in lowercase.

Copy a blank version to use. Remember to use the "|" (pipe) character between each field. Please delete any unused fields to avoid clutter in the edit window.

No templates or magic words are necessary when using an ISBN, OCLC number, or DOI as an identifier. Instead of using the  field in these instances, simply use the appropriate field. For instance, type  followed by the number instead of. Templates are available for other identification number types to be used in the ID field (ISSN, LCCN, LCC, etc.) if these aren't available. See also the complete description of fields.

† This is the preferred field with its alternates listed below.

&Dagger; If chapterurl is provided then chapter cannot have wikilinks.

Wikilinks
Except where specifically prohibited in the field descriptions below, most fields can be wikilinked (e.g. ), but should generally only be linked to an existing Wikipedia article. Wikilinked fields must escape the characters  rather than including them directly.

Syntax (for the technical-minded)
Nested fields rely on their parent fields:
 * parent
 * OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
 * child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
 * OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)

Description

 * last: Surname of author. Don't wikilink (use authorlink instead).
 * first: First name(s) of author, including title(s) (e.g. Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Snr.). Don't wikilink (use authorlink instead).
 * The 'last' and 'first' fields are not ideally suited to authors whose surname is usually written first (e.g. as in Chinese). Use the same format as the source uses to handle these cases.
 * See Examples for typical usage.
 * authorlink: Title of Wikipedia article about author (not the author's personal website). Article should already exist. Must not be wikilinked itself. Do not use this on its own, but along with author or first and last.
 * coauthors: Full name of additional author or authors, separated by ", " (e.g. Joe Bloggs, John F. Kennedy, H. R. Dent).
 * Whether the surname of the co-authors goes first or last is dependent on the citation style (see the citation style section below) preferred.
 * OR: author: Full name of author, preferably surname first. (deprecated) Don't wikilink (use authorlink instead).
 * OR: for multiple authors, use the fields first1, last1, ...,firstn, lastn to 'correctly' record all the information about the book (the first nine authors are printed, then et al. is appended if even more authors were specified). Don't wikilink as there are corresponding authorlink1, ..., authorlink9 fields as well. This usage is preferred to the use of coauthors.
 * editor: Name of editor/editors. Do not Wikilink any values in the editor field but use editor-link instead. The template automatically adds "ed." after the editor's name unless the chapter parameter is used in which case the template adds "in" before the editor's name which appears after the chapter and before the title. This implies that the author is responsible only for part of the book (including the cited chapter) and the editor responsible for the whole book. If, however, the author(s) and editor(s) are responsible for the whole book, then the editor field or its alternates described below should not be used if the chapter field is being used. Instead, the editor(s) should be included in an author field with possibly "(ed.)" after the surname(s). Alternatively, the editor field may be used if the chapter detail is included in the title field instead of using the chapter field.
 * OR: alternatively editor-first and editor-last can be used in the same way as first and last.
 * OR: for multiple editors up to four in number, use the fields editor1-first, editor1-last, ...,editorn-first, editorn-last to 'correctly' record all the information about the book in the same way as firstn and lastn.
 * editor-link or editor1-link...editorn-link is used in the same way as authorlink or authorlinkn.
 * others: To record other contributors to the work, such as "Illustrated by Smith" or "Trans. Smith".
 * title: Title of book. This is the only required parameter. Can be wikilinked but only to an existing Wikipedia article. Do not use italics.
 * trans_title: If the book cited is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. The template will display this in square brackets after the title field and it will point to the url link, if used. Use of language parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.
 * url: URL of an online location where text of the book can be found. Cannot be used if you wikilinked title. If applicable, should point to the specific page(s) referenced. Do not use this field to link to any commercial booksellers (such as Amazon.com).  The ISBN link is a much better alternative which allows readers access to the books in their own countries or through their own choice of source, including Amazon, Google Books, thousands of libraries, and more.
 * format: Format, e.g. PDF. HTML implied if not specified.
 * accessdate: Full date when url was accessed. Should be used when url field is used. Should be in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
 * archive parameters (if used, both must be provided)
 * archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if (or in case) the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Archive.org.
 * archivedate: Date when the item was archived. Should not be wikilinked.
 * type: If the publication is a thesis or dissertation, the type can be specified here. For example,  produces "(PhD thesis)" immediately after the title.
 * edition: When the book has more than one edition. e.g.: "2nd.", "Revised" etc.. Note that the template automatically displays " ed." after this field, so  produces "2nd ed.".
 * series: When the book is part of a series of publications
 * volume: For one book published in several volumes. However, this template displays the text in this field in bold type after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title field after the main title (see example below). (NB: there is a separate Cite encyclopedia template).
 * date: Full date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
 * OR: year: Year of publication edition being referenced
 * month: Name of the month of publication. If you also have the day, use date instead. Must not be wikilinked.
 * origyear: Original publication year, for display alongside the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance   or  . This parameter only displays if a there is a value for year or date.
 * publisher: Publisher should not include corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc".
 * location: Geographical place of publication.
 * language: The language the book is written in, if it is not English. The template automatically puts parentheses around the text and adds "in" before the language name.
 * isbn: International Standard Book Number such as 1-111-22222-9. Note that isbn, like all field names, must be in lowercase. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link. The template is insensitive to formatting so an ISBN number without dashes ("-") may be used (e.g. 1111222229), though ISBNs with correctly formatted dashes are preferred (see ISBN and ISBN). Please use the 13-digit ISBN where possible; this can normally be found beneath the barcode as a number beginning 978 or 979. For books with the older SBN system (9 digits), use this field but prefix the number with a zero; thus SBN 902888-45-5 should be entered as 0-902888-45-5.  More information about this feature and its advantages is available at ISBN.
 * oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
 * doi: A digital object identifier such as  10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001 . The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
 * bibcode: A nineteen character Bibcode identifier. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
 * id: A unique identifier, used if none of the above are applicable. In this case, you need to specify the kind of identifier you are using, preferably with a template like ASIN or ISSN.  (Use one of the more specialized parameters if possible; they are linked automatically.  In other words, don't use ISBN 1-111-22222-9 anymore; use 1-111-22222-9. If the book has a SBN but not an ISBN, see isbn.)
 * pages or page: These parameters are for listing the pages relevant to the citation, not the total number of pages in the book. " " produces "pp. 5–7", while " " produces "p. 5". The "pp." notation indicating multiple pages, and "p." notation indicating a single page, are placed automatically when you choose between the plural (pages) or singular (page) form of the parameter. Page ranges should be separated by an unspaced en dash (–).
 * nopp: using "page" or "pages", automatically places the p. or pp. notations. If this is inappropriate—for instance, if, placing any value after   (e.g.   will hide the p. or pp. notation.
 * at: Position within the resource when page/pages is inappropriate, e.g. para. 14 (when citing a source without page numbers) or no. 456 (something in a numbered list). This parameter is ignored if page/pages is specified.
 * Using e.g. para. 14 produces similar results to para. 14y or para. 14y
 * chapter (= contribution): The chapter of the book, written in full. Punctuation (other than quotation marks, which are supplied around the chapter title automatically by the template) should be included in the value passed to the parameter, e.g. Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane. produces "Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane." ahead of title.
 * trans_chapter: Acts in the same way as trans_title. The field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which embrace the chapter field. Use of language parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.
 * chapterurl: URL of an individual chapter of online book. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapterurl is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site.
 * quote: Relevant quote from the book. Should not be excessive in length: More than a few sentences is rarely needed, and if needed then the Wikipedia article's prose should probably more adequately address the topic and/or quote the material directly, e.g. with . The template will automatically provided quotation marks, but not a terminal period/full stop (or diaeresis as appropriate), nor initial capitalization, both of which should be added manually. Example: "[I]t was not only competition, but the introduction of new techniques that drew spectators to the events..."
 * ref: ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value ID generates an anchor with the given ; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The special value harv generates an anchor suitable for the harv template; see anchors for Harvard referencing templates. See "Wikilinks to full references" in Examples below for using the ref field in citation templates in conjunction with short citations.
 * laysummary: Link to a non-technical summary (or review) of the book
 * laydate: Date of summary
 * separator: The separator to use in lists of authors, editors, etc. Defaults to ".", but "," may be useful also. If the field is present, but blank, no separator will be used.
 * postscript: The closing punctuation for the citation. If specified, over-rides the default behaviour of terminating the citation with a full stop. If the field is present, but blank, no terminating punctuation will be used. This may be useful when generating an output consistent with other templates. It is preferred to manually adding ending punctuation, as the punctuation occurs within the &lt;cite&gt; tag, so will appear before any icons added by browser plugins. Ignored if quote is specified.
 * lastauthoramp: The separator to use between the last two names in lists of authors. Defaults to "", but "&amp;" may be useful as well.

Examples

 * Just a title:




 * Year and title:




 * Basic usage:




 * Basic usage with url:




 * Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor




 * Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor




 * Three authors, title with a piped wikilink, edition




 * Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter
 * Without volume and lastauthoramp parameters:


 * With volume and last authoramp parameters:


 * Date without day, wikilinked title and publisher, id, pages, location




 * Other language




 * Using authormask parameter








 * Using a DOI




 * Wikilinks to full references:


 * As mentioned, the bibliographical data of the cited source can be “tagged” by an identifier: this enables the system to “find” the target of the wikilinks. This “tagging” with an identifier can be done by enclosing between … tags, but this tool can be superfluous if the bibliographical data are provided with a citation template: the ref field of the chosen citation template must be set to the same name.


 * Wikilink example edit:

  Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts. &lt;ref> [ [#Mer85|Merkur 1985]]: 4&lt;/ref> &#61;= Notes == &#61;= References == * 	


 * Example rendered result:

 Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts.[1]  Notes 

  ^  Merkur 1985: 4   References




 * Attention must be paid: not all other citation templates support this. In such cases, the service can be achieved also by enclosing the concerned bibliographical item inside  <cite id=…>… </tt> tags: also this way, it can feature as a target of Wikilinks to full references. The id</tt> attribute of the tag must be set to the same name what we would give to the (lacking) ref</tt> field of the citation template.

Testing
See Template:cite book/regression tests.

Note
Note the extra full-stop when the last author ends with an initial, and there is no date: We don't know of a practical solution to this—unless there is a way to test the characters of a field?

Citation styles
Established citation styles for coauthors:


 * MLA style: Last, First and First Last. "If there are more than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase et al."
 * APA style: Last, F. & Last, F.
 * Chicago Manual of Style: Last, First, and First Last.
 * Turabian: same as Chicago Reference List, above.
 * Harvard: Last, F., Last, F. & Last, F.

Tools
See Citing sources for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'cite book' format.